|
Effects of immigration
on individuals
The effects of immigration on individuals start before they
leave their country of origin, with “pre-migration stressors”
(Jamil, Nassar-McMillanb, Lambert, Wangd, Ager, & Arnetz,
2010), that are related to the expectations of leaving (Akhatar,
2011).
In the case of refugees, who have experienced strong negative
events such as torture or war related trauma in their country of
origin, this may constitute “pre-migration trauma” (Robjant,
Robbins, & Senior, 2009).
There is also a feeling of “anticipatory grief” (Akhatar,
2011) for leaving their country and relatives (Akhatar, 2011).
When arriving in the new country, the immigrants face the
“post-migration stressors”(Jamil, Nassar-McMillanb, Lambert,
Wangd, Ager, & Arnetz, 2010), as a result of displacement,
cultural shock, loss of identity, children's lack of adaptation,
lack of language proficiency, lack of a support network ,
difficulties in finding a suitable job or recognition of
professional degrees (Akhatar, 2011).
These work barriers lead people to seek positions outside their
area of expertise, or accept jobs at a lower level than what they
had in their country of origin, which may lower people's
self-esteem and cause depression (Akhatar, 2011).
High levels of stress, anxiety, depression, or even development
of psychopathology may accompany this stage (Robjant, Robbins, &
Senior, 2009).
Studies show that among the refugee population, “post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD)”(Robjant, Robbins, & Senior, 2009),
“self-harm” (Robjant, Robbins, & Senior, 2009) or “suicide
ideation” (Robjant, Robbins, & Senior, 2009) are not
uncommon (Robjant, Robbins, & Senior, 2009).
Mrs Glaucia Barbosa,
PACFA Reg. Provisional 25212
MCouns, MQCA(Clinical)
ABN: 19 476 932 954
References
Akhtar, S. (2011). Immigration and acculturation. Mourning,
adaptation, and the next generation. Maryland,UK: Jason Avonson.
Jamil, H., Nassar-McMillanb, S., Lambert, R., Wangd, Y., Ager,
J., & Arnetz, B. (2010). Pre- and postdisplacement stressors
and time of migration as related to self-rated health among Iraqi
immigrants and refugees in south-east Michigan. Medicine, Conflict, and
Survival, 26(3), 207- 222. doi:10.1080/13623699.2010.513655
Robjant, K., Robbins, I., & Senior, V. (2009).
Psychological distress amongst immigration detainees: A
crosssectional questionnaire study. British Journal of Clinical
Psychology, 48(3), 275-286.
doi:10.1348/014466508X397007
|
|
Efeitos da imigração
sobre
os indivíduos
Os efeitos da imigração sobre os indivíduos começam antes
deles deixarem seu país de origem, com o estress vivenciado antes
da imigração. O “stress pré-imigração” (Jamil,
Nassar-McMillanb, Lambert, Wangd, Ager, e Arnetz de 2010), está
relacionado com a expectativa da mudanca (Akhatar de 2011).
No caso dos refugiados, que sofreram fortes eventos negativos,
como tortura ou trauma relacionados a guerra em seu país de
origem, pode-se dar o nome de "trauma de pré-imigração"
(Robjant, Robbins, e Senior, 2009).
Há também um sentimento de "luto antecipatório"
(Akhatar, 2011) por se separar do país e de familiares (Akhatar,
2011).
Ao chegam no novo país, os imigrantes enfrentam os "fatores
de stress pós-imigração" (Jamil, Nassar-McMillanb,
Lambert, Wangd, Ager, e Arnetz de 2010), como resultado da
mudanca, choque cultural, perda de identidade, falta de adaptação
das crianças, falta de proficiência na língua, falta de apoio
de amigos, dificuldade em encontrar o emprego desejado ou
dificuldade para reconhecer a graduação profissional (Akhatar
2011).
Estas barreiras relacionadas a trabalho levam as pessoas a
buscar empregos fora de sua área de especialização ou aceitar
empregos com nível abaixo do que eles tinham em seu país de
origem, o que pode diminuir a auto-estima das pessoas e causar
depressão (Akhatar de 2011).
Altos níveis de estresse, ansiedade, depressão ou até mesmo
o desenvolvimento de psicopatologia podem acompanhar essa fase
(Robjant, Robbins, e Senior, 2009).
Estudos mostram que entre a população de refugiados,
"transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (PTSD)"
(Robjant, Robbins, e Senior, 2009), "auto-mutilação"
(Robjant, Robbins, e Senior, 2009) ou "pensamentos suicidas"
(Robjant, Robbins, e Senior, 2009) não são incomuns (Robjant,
Robbins, e Senior, 2009).
Mrs Glaucia Barbosa,
PACFA Reg. Provisional 25212
MCouns, MQCA(Clinical)
ABN: 19 476 932 954
References
Akhtar, S. (2011). Immigration and acculturation. Mourning,
adaptation, and the next generation. Maryland,
UK: Jason Avonson.
Jamil, H., Nassar-McMillanb, S., Lambert, R., Wangd, Y., Ager,
J., & Arnetz, B. (2010). Pre- and postdisplacement stressors
and time of migration as related to self-rated health among Iraqi
immigrants and refugees in south-east Michigan. Medicine, Conflict, and
Survival, 26(3), 207- 222. doi:10.1080/13623699.2010.513655
Robjant, K., Robbins, I., & Senior, V. (2009).
Psychological distress amongst immigration detainees: A
crosssectional questionnaire study. British Journal of Clinical
Psychology, 48(3), 275-286.
doi:10.1348/014466508X397007 |
|